Step-by-Step Guide 8 Steps

How to Register a Copyright in India Online

Step by step guide on how to register a copyright in India online in 2026. Covers copyright application process, documents required, fees, timeline, and protection for literary, artistic, musical, and software works.

D
Dhanush Prabha
12 min read
How to Register a Copyright in India Online
Quick Overview
Estimated Cost ₹500
Time Required 2 to 4 Months
Total Steps 8 Steps
What You'll Need

Documents Required

  • Copy of the original work to be copyrighted (manuscript, source code, artwork, music sheet, or recording)
  • PAN Card of the applicant (individual or entity)
  • Aadhaar Card or valid Passport for identity verification
  • Proof of address of the applicant (utility bill, bank statement, or rent agreement)
  • No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the author if the applicant is different from the author
  • Power of Attorney if the application is being filed through an advocate or agent
  • Title page and description of the work
  • Date of first publication and country of first publication (if already published)
  • Statement of particulars and Statement of further particulars (Form XIV)

Tools & Prerequisites

  • Active account on the Copyright Office portal (copyright.gov.in)
  • Internet banking, UPI, or net banking facility for government fee payment
  • Valid email ID and Indian mobile number for OTP verification and correspondence
  • Scanner or digital camera for creating clear digital copies of the original work
  • Advocate or copyright agent for professional filing assistance (recommended but not mandatory)

Copyright registration in India is one of the most affordable and effective ways to protect your original creative work. Whether you are an author, musician, software developer, filmmaker, photographer, or graphic designer, registering your copyright gives you a formal, government-backed record of ownership that can be used as evidence in any legal dispute. While copyright protection exists automatically under Indian law the moment you create an original work, formal registration through the Copyright Office makes enforcement significantly easier and faster.

This guide explains everything you need to know about how to register a copyright in India in 2026. It covers the types of works eligible for copyright, the step by step online filing process, government fees, the mandatory waiting period, handling objections and discrepancies, and the legal rights that come with registration. The entire process is online and can be completed for as little as 500 rupees.

Copyright is a legal right granted to the creator of an original work, giving them exclusive control over how the work is used, reproduced, distributed, performed, and displayed. In India, copyright is governed by the Copyright Act 1957 and the Copyright Rules 2013, both administered by the Copyright Office under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).

Copyright protection grants the owner several exclusive economic rights including the right to reproduce the work, issue copies to the public, perform or communicate the work to the public, create derivative works (translations, adaptations), and sell or license the work for commercial use. These rights allow creators to monetize their work and prevent unauthorized use.

Even though copyright exists automatically upon creation, registration offers several significant benefits that make it worth the effort.

  • Legal evidence of ownership: The registration certificate serves as prima facie evidence in court, meaning the court assumes you are the rightful owner unless the opposing party proves otherwise
  • Deterrent effect: A registered copyright discourages potential infringers because they know you have documented proof of your rights
  • Faster enforcement: With a registration certificate, you can quickly initiate legal proceedings without spending time establishing ownership from scratch
  • International recognition: India is a member of the Berne Convention and TRIPS Agreement, so your registered copyright is recognized in over 180 countries
  • Commercial value: Registered copyrights can be assigned, licensed, or used as collateral for business financing
  • Permanent public record: Registration creates an official entry in the Register of Copyrights maintained by the government

The Copyright Act 1957 recognizes six categories of copyrightable works. Understanding which category your work falls into is important because it determines the application procedure, fee amount, and duration of protection.

Literary Works

This is the broadest category and includes far more than just books and novels. Under Section 2(o) of the Copyright Act, literary works include books, articles, essays, poems, computer programs (software source code and object code), databases, tables, compilations, letters, emails, and any written or typed content that involves intellectual creativity. Computer software is explicitly classified as a literary work, making copyright the primary form of IP protection for software in India.

Artistic Works

Artistic works under Section 2(c) include paintings, sculptures, drawings, engravings, photographs, architectural works, maps, charts, plans, logos, and any work of artistic craftsmanship. The level of artistic quality does not matter for copyright protection. Even a simple diagram or a basic sketch qualifies for registration as long as it is original.

Musical Works

Musical works include any combination of melody and harmony, or either of them, that is graphically recorded or otherwise. Importantly, lyrics are not included under musical works. Lyrics are classified separately as literary works. A song therefore has multiple copyrights: the melody (musical work), the lyrics (literary work), and the recording (sound recording).

Dramatic Works

Dramatic works include scripts for plays, screenplays for films, any work of choreography, scenic arrangements, and any entertainment in dumb show (mime). Like musical works, a dramatic work does not include the cinematograph film itself, which is a separate category.

Sound Recordings

A sound recording means any recording of sounds from which the sounds can be reproduced, regardless of the medium or method used for recording. This includes studio recordings, live performance recordings, podcasts, audiobooks, and any other audio content.

Cinematograph Films

A cinematograph film includes any work of visual recording, whether produced by a process analogous to cinematography or any other means. This covers movies, short films, documentaries, advertisements, YouTube videos, web series, and any visual recording with or without accompanying sound.

The government fees for copyright registration in India are among the lowest in the world, making it highly accessible for individual creators and small businesses.

Copyright Registration Fee Schedule (2026)
Type of Work Individual Applicant Non-Individual Applicant (Company, LLP)
Literary Work 500 rupees per work 2,000 rupees per work
Artistic Work 500 rupees per work 2,000 rupees per work
Musical Work 500 rupees per work 2,000 rupees per work
Dramatic Work 500 rupees per work 2,000 rupees per work
Sound Recording 2,000 rupees per work 2,000 rupees per work
Cinematograph Film 2,000 rupees per work 2,000 rupees per work
If you are a startup or small business with multiple works to register (such as website content, logo, and software code), prioritize registering the most commercially valuable work first. A Private Limited Company or LLP filing as applicant will pay 2,000 rupees per work. Budget for professional charges of 2,000 to 5,000 rupees per application if you hire an advocate or agent.

Step 1: Determine the Category of Your Work

Before starting the application process, correctly identify which of the six categories your work belongs to. This matters because the application form, fee, and documentation differ by category.

If your work spans multiple categories (for example, a mobile app with source code, UI graphics, and text content), you will need to file separate applications for each component. The source code would be registered as a literary work, the graphic interface designs as artistic works, and the text content as a literary work.

If you are registering software or source code, it falls under the literary work category. You do not need to disclose the entire source code publicly. You can submit a portion of the code (typically the first and last 25 pages) along with a description of the program. This protects your IP while still establishing a formal ownership record.

The Copyright Office has fully digitized the application process. All applications must be filed through the official portal.

  1. Visit the Copyright Office website at copyright.gov.in
  2. Click on New User Registration on the login page
  3. Enter your full name, valid email address, and mobile number
  4. Verify your email and mobile through OTP codes
  5. Set a strong password and complete your profile
  6. Log in with your credentials to access the application dashboard

The portal is straightforward to navigate and provides step by step prompts throughout the application process. Keep your login credentials safe as you will need them to check application status and download your certificate once approved.

After logging in, navigate to the section for filing a new copyright application. The application consists of two main parts.

Statement of Particulars

This section captures the core details about the work and the people involved.

  • Title of the work: Enter the exact title as it appears on the work
  • Class of work: Select the appropriate category (literary, artistic, musical, dramatic, sound recording, or cinematograph film)
  • Language of the work: Specify the language for literary and dramatic works
  • Date of creation: Enter the date when the work was completed
  • Date of first publication: Enter this only if the work has been published. Leave blank for unpublished works
  • Country of first publication: If published, mention the country where it was first made available to the public
  • Author details: Full name, nationality, and address of the original creator
  • Applicant details: If different from the author (such as an employer or assignee), provide complete details

Statement of Further Particulars

This section provides additional details about the rights being claimed and the basis of the applicant's claim.

  • Nature of the applicant's interest: Whether the applicant is the author, assignee, licensee, or legal heir
  • Basis of the claim: How the applicant acquired rights (original authorship, employment, assignment, inheritance)
  • Details of any prior copyright registrations related to the work
  • Rights already assigned or licensed to third parties (if any)
Ensure that the names, dates, and descriptions in the application exactly match the supporting documents. The most common reason for discrepancy letters and delays is a mismatch between the applicant's name on the form and the name on the identity documents. Double check every field before submitting.

Step 4: Upload Required Documents

After filling out the application, you need to upload supporting documents. All documents should be in PDF or JPEG format and clearly legible.

Mandatory Documents for All Applications

  • Copy of the work: A complete copy of the literary work, high-resolution images of artistic works, audio files for sound recordings, or video files for films
  • Identity proof of the applicant: PAN card and Aadhaar card (or Passport for foreign nationals)
  • Address proof: Utility bill, bank statement, or rent agreement not older than 3 months

Additional Documents (When Required)

  • No Objection Certificate (NOC): Required when the applicant is not the original author. The NOC must be signed by the author consenting to the registration in the applicant's name
  • Power of Attorney: If the application is being filed through an advocate or registered agent
  • Assignment deed or employment contract: To establish how the applicant acquired rights from the author
  • Publisher's certificate: If the work has been published, a letter from the publisher confirming publication details
Each uploaded document has a maximum file size limit on the portal (typically 10 MB per file). If your work is a lengthy book or large software codebase, you may need to compress the file or upload it in sections. For software code, the Copyright Office typically accepts the first and last 25 pages of the source code in printed form, rather than the entire codebase.

Step 5: Pay the Government Fee

After uploading all documents, proceed to the payment section. The fee can be paid through internet banking, debit card, credit card, or UPI. The payment is processed through the government's integrated payment gateway.

Upon successful payment, you will receive a diary number and a payment confirmation receipt. The diary number is your unique application identifier and will be used for all future correspondence and status tracking. Save this number carefully.

The fee is non-refundable even if the application is later rejected or withdrawn. Make sure all details are correct before proceeding to payment.

Step 6: 30 Day Mandatory Waiting Period

After the application is submitted and the fee is paid, the Copyright Office publishes the application details in the Copyright Journal. This publication serves as public notice of the pending copyright claim.

A mandatory waiting period of 30 days begins from the date of publication. During this period, any person who believes they have a competing claim or objection can file a written notice with the Copyright Office.

What Happens if an Objection is Filed

If someone files an objection during the 30 day period, the Registrar of Copyrights will send a notice to both the applicant and the objector. Both parties are given an opportunity to submit their evidence and arguments. The Registrar may conduct a hearing (either in person or through written submissions) and will make a decision based on the merits of the case. If the objection is upheld, the application is rejected. If the objection is dismissed, the application proceeds to examination.

In practice, the vast majority of copyright applications proceed without any objections. Objections are relatively rare and typically arise only when there is a genuine ownership dispute or when the work closely resembles a previously registered work. Do not worry about the waiting period but rather use this time to prepare for your next steps after registration.

If no objections are received during the 30 day waiting period, the application enters the examination phase. A Copyright Examiner reviews the application to verify the following.

  • The work falls within a copyrightable category and demonstrates sufficient originality
  • The applicant has a legitimate claim to ownership (as author, assignee, employer, or legal heir)
  • All required documents have been submitted and are legible
  • The details in the application match the supporting documents
  • The prescribed fee has been correctly paid for the category of work

Handling Discrepancy Letters

If the examiner finds any issues, a letter of discrepancy is sent to the applicant detailing the problems. Common discrepancies include mismatched names, missing documents, unclear copies of the work, and incorrect fee payment. The applicant typically gets 30 days to respond with corrections or additional documents. Failure to respond within the deadline can result in the application being treated as abandoned.

Once the examiner is satisfied that everything is in order, the application is approved and the details are entered in the Register of Copyrights. The Registrar of Copyrights issues a Registration Certificate that contains the following information.

  • Registration Number (unique identifier for the work)
  • Title of the work
  • Category or class of the work
  • Name and address of the author
  • Name and address of the copyright owner (if different from author)
  • Date of registration
  • Description of the work
The registration certificate is available for download from the Copyright Office portal. This document serves as prima facie evidence of your ownership in any court of law in India and is recognized internationally under the Berne Convention. Store a digital and physical copy in a safe location. You can now legally use the copyright symbol followed by your name and year of creation on your work.

Copyright protection is not permanent. The duration depends on the type of work and is defined under Sections 22 to 29 of the Copyright Act 1957.

Duration of Copyright Protection by Work Type
Type of Work Duration of Copyright Protection
Literary, Dramatic, Musical, Artistic Works Lifetime of the author plus 60 years from the calendar year following the year of death
Photographs 60 years from the year of publication
Cinematograph Films 60 years from the year of publication
Sound Recordings 60 years from the year of publication
Government Works 60 years from the year of publication
Works of International Organizations 60 years from the year of publication
Posthumous Works 60 years from the year of publication
Anonymous or Pseudonymous Works 60 years from the year of publication

After the copyright term expires, the work enters the public domain and can be freely used, reproduced, or adapted by anyone without permission or payment.

Copyright infringement occurs when someone uses your copyrighted work without permission in a manner that violates your exclusive rights. The Copyright Act provides both civil and criminal remedies for infringement.

Civil Remedies

  • Injunction: A court order directing the infringer to immediately stop the infringing activity
  • Damages: Monetary compensation for the financial loss suffered by the copyright owner
  • Account of profits: The infringer may be ordered to pay over all profits earned from the infringing activity
  • Delivery of infringing copies: The court can order the infringer to hand over all infringing copies for destruction

Criminal Remedies

  • First offense: Imprisonment of minimum 6 months up to 3 years and fine of minimum 50,000 rupees up to 2 lakh rupees
  • Repeat offense: Imprisonment of minimum 1 year up to 3 years and fine of minimum 1 lakh rupees up to 2 lakh rupees
  • Police seizure: The police can seize infringing copies without a warrant in some circumstances under Section 64 of the Act
With the rise of digital content, online copyright infringement has become increasingly common. If you find your work being illegally used on a website or social media platform, you can file a DMCA takedown notice with the hosting platform or file a complaint with the Cyber Crime Cell of the local police. Most major platforms like Google, YouTube, Facebook, and Instagram have expedited processes for handling copyright takedown requests.

Understanding the differences between copyright and other IP protections helps you choose the right protection strategy for your business.

Comparison of IP Protection Types in India
Feature Copyright Trademark Patent
What It Protects Creative expression (writing, art, music, code) Brand identifiers (names, logos, slogans) New inventions and processes
Registration Requirement Optional (automatic protection) Required for full protection Required for any protection
Duration Author's life plus 60 years 10 years (renewable indefinitely) 20 years (not renewable)
Government Fee 500 to 2,000 rupees per work 4,500 to 9,000 rupees per class 1,600 to 8,000 rupees per application
Timeline 2 to 4 months 8 to 18 months 2 to 5 years
Register Your Trademark

Software companies and tech startups should pay special attention to copyright protection because source code is the most valuable digital asset for most technology businesses. Here are key considerations.

  • Employee-created software: If your developers create code during the course of employment, the company automatically owns the copyright unless the employment contract states otherwise. Ensure your employment agreements explicitly address IP ownership
  • Freelancer and contractor code: Unlike employees, code created by freelancers is not automatically owned by the commissioning company. You must have a written copyright assignment agreement with every contractor who writes code for you
  • Open source components: If your software uses open source libraries, be aware of the license terms. Some open source licenses (like GPL) require that derivative works also be open-sourced
  • Version control: Maintain detailed version control records (Git history) as they serve as strong evidence of the date of creation and the development timeline
Register Your Copyright Now

Internal Linking Suggestions for Business Owners

Copyright registration is often one part of a larger business setup and compliance journey. Here are related services and guides that may be helpful.

Filing a copyright application is relatively simple, but these common errors can cause delays, rejections, or weaker legal protection.

  1. Incorrect work classification: Categorizing a sound recording as a musical work or software code as an artistic work leads to rejection. Double check the category definitions before filing
  2. Not keeping proof of creation date: While not required for filing, maintaining evidence of when you created the work (email timestamps, version control logs, notarized copies) strengthens your position in future disputes
  3. Missing NOC from the author: If you are filing as a company or assignee, forgetting to submit the No Objection Certificate from the original author is a guaranteed discrepancy
  4. Poor quality document uploads: Blurry scans, incomplete manuscripts, or corrupted files lead to examination delays
  5. Not responding to discrepancy letters: If the Copyright Office sends a query, respond within 30 days. Ignoring it results in the application being treated as abandoned
  6. Assuming registration means absolute protection: Copyright does not protect ideas, only their expression. If your business model relies on a unique concept, you may also need patent protection
  7. Delaying registration: The longer you wait, the harder it becomes to prove the original date of creation. Register your important works as soon as they are completed

Conclusion

Copyright registration in India is an affordable, accessible, and powerful way to formally protect your creative and intellectual works. With government fees starting at just 500 rupees and a fully online process through the Copyright Office portal, there is no reason to leave your original works unprotected. Whether you are an author publishing a book, a developer releasing software, a musician composing songs, or a filmmaker producing content, copyright registration gives you the legal foundation to control, monetize, and defend your creations.

The process is straightforward: identify your work category, file the application with Form XIV on the Copyright Office portal, upload your documents, pay the fee, wait through the 30 day objection period, and receive your registration certificate. The entire process typically takes 2 to 4 months.

If you need professional guidance with copyright registration or want to build a comprehensive IP protection strategy for your business, our team at IncorpX can help you navigate the entire process from application to certificate.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is copyright registration in India?
Copyright registration in India is the legal process of formally recording your ownership of an original creative work with the Copyright Office under the Copyright Act 1957. While copyright protection exists automatically upon creation of the work, registration provides prima facie evidence of ownership in court, making it significantly easier to enforce your rights against infringement. Registration covers literary works, artistic works, musical compositions, dramatic works, sound recordings, cinematograph films, and computer software.
Is copyright registration mandatory in India?
No, copyright registration is not mandatory in India. Under the Copyright Act 1957, copyright protection is automatic from the moment an original work is created and fixed in a tangible form. However, registration is highly recommended because it creates an official public record of your ownership, serves as prima facie evidence in court during disputes, and makes it much easier to file infringement lawsuits. Without registration, you can still enforce your copyright, but proving ownership becomes more difficult and time consuming.
What types of works can be copyrighted in India?
Under the Copyright Act 1957, the following types of works can be copyrighted in India: Literary works (books, articles, blogs, computer programs, databases, tables, compilations, and translations), Artistic works (paintings, sculptures, drawings, photographs, maps, logos, charts, and architectural works), Musical works (compositions and musical notations, excluding lyrics which are separately protected as literary works), Dramatic works (scripts, screenplays, mime, choreography, and stage directions), Sound recordings (audio recordings of any type), and Cinematograph films (visual recordings including movies, documentaries, and advertisements).
How much does copyright registration cost in India in 2026?
The copyright registration fee in India depends on the type of applicant and the type of work. For individual applicants, the fee is 500 rupees per work for literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works. For sound recordings and cinematograph films, the fee is 2,000 rupees per work regardless of the applicant type. If the applicant is a company, LLP, or other non-individual entity, the fee is 2,000 rupees per work across all categories. Professional charges for advocate or agent assistance typically range from 2,000 to 5,000 rupees additionally.
How long does copyright registration take in India?
The entire copyright registration process in India typically takes 2 to 4 months from the date of filing. This includes the mandatory 30 day waiting period for objections after publication in the Copyright Journal, followed by examination by the Copyright Office. If there are no objections and no discrepancies in the application, registration can be completed in about 2 months. However, if objections are filed or the examiner raises queries, the process can take 4 to 6 months or longer depending on the complexity of the case.
Can I register copyright for software in India?
Yes, computer software and source code are treated as literary works under the Copyright Act 1957 and can be registered with the Copyright Office. You need to submit a copy of the source code and object code along with a description of the program. Many software companies register copyright for their code to establish formal ownership records, especially before licensing the software to clients or raising investment. Note that copyright protects the expression of the code, not the underlying idea, algorithm, or functionality. For protecting algorithms or processes, you would need to explore patent registration.
What is the difference between copyright and trademark?
Copyright protects original creative or intellectual works such as books, music, art, films, and software code. It exists automatically upon creation and lasts for the lifetime of the author plus 60 years. Trademark protects brand identifiers like names, logos, slogans, and symbols used in commerce. Trademarks must be registered and renewed every 10 years. A brand logo can potentially be protected under both copyright (as an artistic work) and trademark (as a brand identifier). For comprehensive brand protection, it is advisable to register both. You can learn more about trademark registration in India.
What is the duration of copyright protection in India?
The duration of copyright protection in India varies by work type. For literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works, copyright lasts for the lifetime of the author plus 60 years from the beginning of the calendar year following the year of the author's death. For photographs, cinematograph films, and sound recordings, copyright lasts for 60 years from the year of publication. For government works, copyright lasts for 60 years from the year of publication. For works of international organizations, it is 60 years from publication. After the copyright term expires, the work enters the public domain and can be freely used by anyone.
Can I copyright a book title or a name in India?
No, you cannot copyright a book title, name, slogan, or short phrase in India. Copyright law protects original creative expressions that involve a minimum degree of creativity, not individual words or short phrases. A book title is considered too brief to qualify for copyright protection. However, you can protect a book title or brand name through trademark registration if you are using it commercially as a brand identifier. Many publishers and authors register their series titles as trademarks to prevent others from using the same name.
What happens if someone copies my copyrighted work without permission?
If someone copies, reproduces, distributes, or publicly displays your copyrighted work without your permission, it constitutes copyright infringement under Sections 51 to 53 of the Copyright Act 1957. You can take the following legal actions: Send a cease and desist notice demanding the infringer to stop, file a civil suit for injunction and damages in the District Court or High Court, and file a criminal complaint under Section 63 which can result in imprisonment of 6 months to 3 years and a fine of 50,000 to 2 lakh rupees. Having a copyright registration certificate makes it significantly easier to prove ownership and win the case.
Do I need a lawyer to register copyright in India?
No, you are not legally required to hire a lawyer to register a copyright in India. The Copyright Office portal allows individuals to file applications directly. However, hiring an advocate or registered copyright agent is recommended, especially if your work is complex (such as software or multimedia content), if you are filing on behalf of a company, or if you want to ensure the application is completed correctly to avoid discrepancies and delays. Professional charges for copyright filing assistance typically range from 2,000 to 5,000 rupees.
Can a company own copyright in India?
Yes, a company, LLP, partnership firm, or any legal entity can own copyright in India. This commonly happens in two scenarios: First, when an employee creates a work during the course of employment, the employer (company) automatically becomes the first owner of the copyright under Section 17 of the Copyright Act, unless there is a contract stating otherwise. Second, when the author assigns or transfers the copyright to a company through a written assignment deed. In both cases, the company can register the copyright in its own name by submitting the relevant employment contract or assignment agreement.
What is the Copyright Journal and why is it important?
The Copyright Journal is an official publication of the Copyright Office that lists all pending copyright applications. When you file a copyright application, its details are published in the Copyright Journal to give public notice. A mandatory 30 day waiting period follows the publication, during which any person can raise objections against the registration. This ensures transparency and gives existing rights holders an opportunity to challenge potentially conflicting claims. After 30 days with no objections, the application proceeds to examination.
Can I register copyright for a website in India?
Yes, various elements of a website can be copyrighted in India. The text content qualifies as a literary work. The graphics, images, and visual designs qualify as artistic works. The source code (HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, etc.) qualifies as a literary work (computer program). However, you would need to file separate applications for different types of works. The overall layout or functionality of a website cannot be copyrighted because copyright does not protect ideas, methods, or systems. For protecting website names and brand elements, consider trademark registration.
What is fair use under Indian copyright law?
Fair use (called fair dealing in Indian law) allows limited use of copyrighted material without the owner's permission for specific purposes. Under Section 52 of the Copyright Act 1957, fair dealing is permitted for private or personal use including research, criticism or review, reporting of current events and affairs, reproduction by a teacher or pupil in the course of instruction, making copies for judicial proceedings, and performance by amateur clubs or societies if no admission fee is charged. Fair dealing is not an absolute defense and courts evaluate each case based on the purpose, amount of copying, and commercial impact.
Can I copyright my logo in India?
Yes, a logo qualifies as an artistic work under the Copyright Act 1957 and can be registered with the Copyright Office. However, for comprehensive brand protection, it is strongly recommended to also register the logo as a trademark. Copyright protects the artistic expression of the logo, while trademark registration protects its use as a brand identifier in commerce. Trademark registration also allows you to use the registered trademark symbol and take action against anyone using a confusingly similar logo in your industry. Learn more about trademark registration in India.
Is copyright registration valid internationally?
India is a member of the Berne Convention and the TRIPS Agreement, which means that copyright created in India is automatically recognized and protected in all member countries (over 180 countries). You do not need to register separately in each country. However, if you want formal registration in a specific country (such as the United States), you would need to file a separate application with that country's copyright office. Indian copyright registration serves as strong evidence of ownership in international disputes as well.
Can I transfer or sell my copyright to someone else?
Yes, copyright can be transferred, assigned, or licensed to another person or entity in India. Under Section 18 of the Copyright Act 1957, the copyright owner can assign the copyright either wholly or partially through a written assignment deed. The assignment must specify the rights being transferred, the duration of the assignment, and the territorial extent. Under Section 30, the owner can also grant a license that allows another party to use the work without transferring ownership. Both assignment and licensing agreements should be documented in writing and ideally registered.
What is the difference between copyright registration and patent registration?
Copyright protects the form of expression of an idea, such as written text, artwork, music, code, or film. It exists automatically upon creation and registration is optional but beneficial. Patent protects a new and inventive process, product, method, or composition of matter. Patent registration is mandatory to obtain protection and involves a detailed examination of novelty and inventiveness. For example, if you write a unique algorithm in code, copyright protects the specific code you wrote, but a patent could protect the underlying algorithmic process itself. Learn more about patent registration in India.
Can I copyright a song or music composition in India?
Yes, musical compositions (melodies and harmonies, excluding lyrics) are protected as musical works, while lyrics are protected separately as literary works, and the recording of the performance is protected as a sound recording. If you are a music creator, you may want to register all three components separately to ensure comprehensive protection. The fee for registering a musical work is 500 rupees per work for individual applicants. The composer, lyricist, and recording owner may all have different copyright interests in a single song.
What are moral rights under Indian copyright law?
Moral rights are personal rights of the author that exist independently of economic rights and cannot be transferred or assigned. Under Section 57 of the Copyright Act 1957, the author has the right of paternity (the right to claim authorship of the work and have their name credited) and the right of integrity (the right to prevent distortion, mutilation, or modification of the work that would be prejudicial to the author's honor or reputation). These rights survive even after the copyright has been assigned or transferred to another person. Moral rights last as long as the copyright term.
Can I register copyright for AI generated content in India?
This is a developing area of law. Under the current Copyright Act 1957, copyright protection requires an author who is a natural person (human being). Works generated entirely by AI without meaningful human creative input may not qualify for copyright protection because there is no human author. However, if a human provides substantial creative direction, selection, and arrangement using AI as a tool, the resulting work may be copyrightable with the human as the author. The Copyright Office has not issued formal guidelines on AI generated works as of 2026, so it is advisable to consult a legal expert for specific cases.
How do I prove copyright infringement in India?
To prove copyright infringement in court, you need to establish: First, that you own a valid copyright in the work (a registration certificate serves as prima facie evidence). Second, that the infringer had access to your work (direct or circumstantial evidence showing they could have seen or encountered your work). Third, that there is substantial similarity between your work and the infringing work (not just ideas, but the expression of those ideas). Courts use a two step test: first checking whether copying actually occurred, then evaluating whether the amount copied is substantial enough to constitute infringement.
Can I copyright a mobile app in India?
Yes, a mobile app can be protected through copyright in India. The source code of the app is protected as a literary work (computer program). The user interface design, icons, and graphics are protected as artistic works. The text content within the app is protected as a literary work. However, the underlying concept, idea, or functionality of the app cannot be copyrighted. If you want to protect the functional aspects or unique process of your app, you would need to explore patent registration. For protecting the app name and logo, consider trademark registration.
What is the role of the Registrar of Copyrights in India?
The Registrar of Copyrights is the government official responsible for administering copyright registration in India. The Registrar maintains the Register of Copyrights, which is the official record of all registered works. Key responsibilities include examining copyright applications, publishing applications in the Copyright Journal, hearing objections during the 30 day waiting period, issuing registration certificates, maintaining records of copyright assignments and licenses, and making corrections to the register when required. The Copyright Office operates under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).
Can I register multiple works in a single copyright application?
No, you cannot register multiple works in a single application in India. Each work requires a separate application and separate fee payment. For example, if you have written three books, you would need to file three separate applications and pay the fee three times. However, if you have a compilation or collection (like an anthology of poems or a collection of photographs), the compilation itself can be registered as a single work. Each individual poem or photograph within the compilation would still need separate registration for individual protection.
What is a No Objection Certificate (NOC) in copyright registration?
A No Objection Certificate (NOC) is required when the applicant is different from the author of the work. For example, if a company is applying for copyright registration of a work created by an employee or a freelancer, the company must submit an NOC from the original author stating that they have no objection to the copyright being registered in the applicant's name. Similarly, if an author has passed away and the legal heir is filing for registration, an NOC from other legal heirs or relevant documents establishing the applicant's right to the work must be provided.
How do I check the status of my copyright application?
You can check the status of your copyright application by logging into the Copyright Office portal at copyright.gov.in. After logging in, go to the dashboard or application tracking section and enter your application number or diary number. The portal shows the current status of your application including whether it is in the waiting period, under examination, pending response to a discrepancy letter, or approved. You can also contact the Copyright Office directly for status updates if the online tracking does not show updated information.
Can foreigners register copyright in India?
Yes, foreign nationals and foreign companies can register copyright in India. India is a member of the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright Convention, which provide reciprocal protection for works of nationals of member countries. A foreign applicant can file a copyright application through the same process as Indian applicants. They need to provide a valid passport as identity proof (instead of Aadhaar), their address proof from their home country, and may need to appoint an Indian advocate or agent to handle the filing process. The fees are the same regardless of nationality.
What is the difference between copyright assignment and copyright license?
A copyright assignment is a transfer of ownership. When you assign your copyright, you give up your rights (wholly or partially) to the assignee who becomes the new owner. The assignment must be in writing, specify the rights assigned, duration, and territorial extent. A copyright license is a permission to use the work without transferring ownership. The licensor retains ownership and grants the licensee limited rights to use the work under specified conditions. Licenses can be exclusive or non-exclusive. Assignment under Section 18 and license under Section 30 of the Copyright Act have specific procedural requirements.
Can I copyright a photograph in India?
Yes, photographs are classified as artistic works under Section 2(c) of the Copyright Act 1957 and can be registered with the Copyright Office. The photographer is generally considered the first owner of the copyright, unless the photograph was commissioned or taken during the course of employment, in which case the employer or commissioner may be the first owner. Copyright in photographs lasts for 60 years from the year of publication. Registration is recommended for professional photographers to establish a formal record of ownership, especially for commercially valuable images.
Does copyright protect ideas or concepts?
No, copyright does not protect ideas, concepts, methods, systems, or processes. It only protects the specific form of expression of an idea. For example, the idea of writing a murder mystery set in a train is not copyrightable, but the specific plot, characters, dialogue, and narrative you write are protected. Similarly, the concept of a social media app is not copyrightable, but the specific code, UI designs, and content are copyrightable. If you want to protect an idea, process, or method, you need to explore patent registration instead.
What is the Copyright Board in India?
The Copyright Board was a quasi-judicial body established under the Copyright Act 1957 to handle copyright disputes and license applications. However, the Copyright Board was abolished in 2017 through the Finance Act, and its functions were transferred to the Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB). Subsequently, IPAB was also abolished in 2021, and all copyright disputes and appeals are now handled by the relevant High Courts. If an applicant is aggrieved by a decision of the Registrar of Copyrights, they can file an appeal before the High Court having jurisdiction.
Can I take criminal action for copyright infringement?
Yes, copyright infringement is both a civil and criminal offense in India. Under Section 63 of the Copyright Act 1957, anyone who knowingly infringes copyright is liable for imprisonment of minimum 6 months up to 3 years and a fine of minimum 50,000 rupees up to 2 lakh rupees. For repeat offenders, Section 63A provides for enhanced punishment of imprisonment of minimum 1 year up to 3 years and a fine of minimum 1 lakh rupees up to 2 lakh rupees. You can file a criminal complaint at the nearest police station or directly before the Magistrate court.
How is copyright different from design registration?
Copyright protects original creative works like text, music, art, and software. Design registration protects the visual appearance or aesthetic aspect of a functional product or article, such as the shape, pattern, ornamentation, or configuration applied to a manufactured item. For example, the unique shape of a chair or the pattern on a fabric can be registered as a design. If the same design is applied to more than 50 articles through industrial manufacturing, it loses copyright protection and must be protected through design registration under the Designs Act 2000.
What happens if I do not register my copyright?
If you do not register your copyright, you still have automatic copyright protection under Indian law. However, you face several practical disadvantages. First, you will have difficulty proving ownership in court because there is no official record. Second, you cannot claim statutory damages easily. Third, enforcing your rights against infringers becomes slower and more expensive because you have to independently establish your authorship and the date of creation. Registration costs as little as 500 rupees and provides a strong legal shield, so it is always advisable to register important creative works.
Can I register copyright for a database or compilation?
Yes, databases, tables, and compilations are classified as literary works under Section 2(o) of the Copyright Act 1957 and can be registered with the Copyright Office. However, copyright in a compilation protects the selection, arrangement, and original expression of the data, not the underlying facts or data points themselves. For example, a curated directory of restaurants with original descriptions and ratings is copyrightable, but the individual restaurant names and addresses (which are factual) are not copyrightable on their own.
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Guide by Dhanush Prabha

Dhanush Prabha is the Chief Technology Officer and Chief Marketing Officer at IncorpX, where he leads product engineering, platform architecture, and data-driven growth strategy. With over half a decade of experience in full-stack development, scalable systems design, and performance marketing, he oversees the technical infrastructure and digital acquisition channels that power IncorpX. Dhanush specializes in building high-performance web applications, SEO and AEO-optimized content frameworks, marketing automation pipelines, and conversion-focused user experiences. He has architected and deployed multiple SaaS platforms, API-first applications, and enterprise-grade systems from the ground up. His writing spans technology, business registration, startup strategy, and digital transformation - offering clear, research-backed insights drawn from hands-on engineering and growth leadership. He is passionate about helping founders and professionals make informed decisions through practical, real-world content.